Phthalates (also known as phthalic acid esters, or PAEs) are used as plasticisers in many consumer products, such as plastics and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and as solvents in adhesives

Applying biochar to soil has been shown to improve carbon sequestration and soil health, and remediate contaminated soil and water resources.

Plastics can pollute the air, land and water during all stages of their life cycle from manufacture to disposal.

Coal dust – which may be a component of urban dust – is of concern to many communities, particularly those near coal mines, railroads and ports.